Table 4 Theoretical frameworks used to describe PPI in healthcare research in the Nordic countries

James Lind Alliance

5

Acosta et al. (2018), Piil et al. (2019), Slåtsveen et al. (2021), Solbakken et al. (2022), Kumlien et al. (2022)

The Dialogue model

1

Bergsten et al. (2014)

Three ideologies that advocate for user involvement and participant research described as liberal, market-based ideology, a survivor-led and emancipation-based ideology, and a healthcare and education-based ideology

1

Tangvald-Pedersen et al. (2017)

Positioning theory

3

Stuhlfauth et al. (2019), Stuhlfauth et al. (2020), Koren Solvang et al. (2021)

NIHR (INVOLVE)

4

Staats et al. (2020), Skovlund et al. (2020), Warner et al. (2021), Finderup et al. (2021)

Empowerment by Zimmerman and Rappaport

1

Jørgensen et al. (2018)

Cube Model by Gibson

1

Høeg et al. (2019)

The participatory approach

2

Kirk et al. (2021), Nyman (2022)

Health Canada Public Involvement Continuum

2

Finderup et al. (2021), Hansen et al. (2021)

UK Medical Research Council’s (MRC) framework

1

Thomsen et al. (2022)

A cooperative inquiry by Heron & Reason

1

Berring et al. (2021)

Patient and service user engagement in research by Shippee et al

1

Schandl et al. (2022)

Bammer’s stakeholder participation spectrum

1

Timm et al. (2022)

Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)

1

Finderup et al. (2021)