Table 1 Distribution of Patient Involvement

Maguire et al. [43]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

X

X

Qurashi et al. [37]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

X

X

Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust [77]

Restrictive practices

Safewards

X

X

X

X

Lombardo [66]

Restrictive practices

Framework development

X

X

X

X

Care Quality Commission [73]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

X

X

Ashcraft et al. [50]

Restrictive practices

No Force First

X

X

X

X

Melvin et al. [44]

Self-harm

Phone app

X

X

X

X

Riley et al. [38]

Restrictive practices

No Force First

X

X

X

X

Riahi et al. [57]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

X

X

Fluttert et al. [64]

Violence to others

Tool—Early Recognition Method

X

X

X

X

Scottish Patient Safety Programme [65]

Restrictive practices

Debriefing

X

X

X

X

Bruyneel et al. [63]

General safety

Delphi rounds

X

X

X

Ashcraft et al. [49]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

X

Pfeiffer et al. [48]

Self-harm

Peer support

X

X

X

NHS England [67]

Restrictive practices

Tool—My Safety Plan

X

X

X

Hampshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust [75]

Restrictive practices

Tool—Restrain Yourself

X

X

X

Bowers et al. [31]

Restrictive practices

Safewards

X

X

X

Loveridge [52]

Self-harm

Tool- Safe-kit

X

X

X

SAMSHA [55]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

X

McLellan [78]

Restrictive practices

Tool—Patient safety climate

X

X

X

American Psychiatric Association [81]

Restrictive practices

Tool—Timetable/co-production

X

X

X

Riemer & Corwith [79]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

X

Smith & Millar [70]

Restrictive practices

Sensory modulation

X

X

X

Merseycare NHS Trust [72]

General safety

Patient feedback on Quality Improvement initiatives

X

X

X

Huckshorn et al. [80]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

X

Lenagh-Glue et al. [61]

General safety

Tool—Advanced Preferences Instrument

X

X

Le Francois [34]

Emotional/psychological safety

Staff facilitation

X

X

Price et al. [36]

Restrictive practices

Safewards

X

X

Stensgaard et al. [62]

Restrictive practices

Safewards

X

X

Dipankui et al. [58]

Restrictive practices

Health Technology Assessment

X

X

Kontio et al. [59]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

Short et al. [46]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

Barrera et al. [30]

General safety

Artificial Intelligence—remote nursing observations

X

X

Brown et al. [32]

Violence to others

Sensory modulation

X

X

Taxis [53]

Restrictive practices

Debriefing

X

X

Kennedy et al. [41]

Restrictive practices

Safewards

X

X

Wilson et al. [47]

Restrictive practices

6 Core Strategies

X

X

X

X

South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust [69]

Violence to others

4 Steps to Safety

X

X

X

X

Jonikas et al. [51]

Restrictive practices

Patient input to clinical practice/staff training

X

X

X

Vincent et al. [68]

General safety

Ward rounds/meetings

X

X

X

Goulet et al. [56]

Restrictive practices

Debriefing

X

X

X

Curtis et al. [33]

General safety

Ward/building design

X

X

Horsfall & Cleary [39]

Restrictive practices

Tool- leaflet

X

X

Hyde et al. [40]

Restrictive practices

Framework development

X

X

Lantta et al. [60]

Violence to others

Tool-DASA

X

X

Page et al. [35]

Sexual safety

Qualitative workshops

X

X

Abou-Sinna & Luebbers [45]

Emotional/psychological safety

Tool- risk assessment predictor

X

X

Lloyd et al. [42]

Restrictive practices

Sensory modulation

X

X

Wale et al. [54]

Restrictive practices

Sensory modulation

X

X

Appleby et al. [71]

Self-harm

Risk predictor

X

X

Quinliven et al. (undated) [74]

Self-harm

Input to suicide prevention strategy

X

X

The Health Foundation [76]

Emotional/psychological safety

Ward rounds

X

X