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Planned by following protocols
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Dynamic planning, in response to uncertain or changing environment
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Linear planning
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Rarely linear, usually non-linear planning
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Detailed and careful planning before start
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Early planning is rapid with just enough ideas to allow early testing
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Ideas developed in detail before testing and then small modifications if problems arise
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Ideas tested early and discarded if not suitable; new ideas generated and tested. Process repeats until ideas sustain repeat testing and refinement without failure
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Resources are distributed to tackle different parts of the problem separately
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Resources are concentrated together on each stage or part of the problem (like a swarm of bees)
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Standard operating procedures and checklists used to generate ideas and specify methods
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Brainstorming what to do and how to do it
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Fixed time table
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Open time table
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Deep analysis
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Rapid analysis
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Early failure is seen as obstacle
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Early failure is an opportunity
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Assumes static, closed system
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Assumes open, unpredictable system
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Problem to solve is viewed as finite
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Problem is viewed as infinite
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Overall effort to control process
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Overall effort to find best responses
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Process leads to consistent outcomes
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The process changes itself and the outcomes, so outcomes will be inconsistent
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Failure may not be apparent until implementation
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Failure is sought at every stage
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Feedback and testing focused on pilot testing and final evaluation
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Feedback and testing at all stages
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