Planned by following protocols
|
Dynamic planning, in response to uncertain or changing environment
|
Linear planning
|
Rarely linear, usually non-linear planning
|
Detailed and careful planning before start
|
Early planning is rapid with just enough ideas to allow early testing
|
Ideas developed in detail before testing and then small modifications if problems arise
|
Ideas tested early and discarded if not suitable; new ideas generated and tested. Process repeats until ideas sustain repeat testing and refinement without failure
|
Resources are distributed to tackle different parts of the problem separately
|
Resources are concentrated together on each stage or part of the problem (like a swarm of bees)
|
Standard operating procedures and checklists used to generate ideas and specify methods
|
Brainstorming what to do and how to do it
|
Fixed time table
|
Open time table
|
Deep analysis
|
Rapid analysis
|
Early failure is seen as obstacle
|
Early failure is an opportunity
|
Assumes static, closed system
|
Assumes open, unpredictable system
|
Problem to solve is viewed as finite
|
Problem is viewed as infinite
|
Overall effort to control process
|
Overall effort to find best responses
|
Process leads to consistent outcomes
|
The process changes itself and the outcomes, so outcomes will be inconsistent
|
Failure may not be apparent until implementation
|
Failure is sought at every stage
|
Feedback and testing focused on pilot testing and final evaluation
|
Feedback and testing at all stages
|