Table 5 Concerns connected to strategies, tools and methods—community level

Cultural differences between researchers and participants [4, 7, 30, 39, 47, 52, 57, 60, 63, 65, 82]

Involve a same-cultural researcher [4, 20, 23, 41, 42, 54, 60, 63, 65, 71, 82]

Train same-cultural researchers (e.g. peers or students) [17, 20, 23, 54, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66, 79, 82]

Involve community members, i.e. social workers [3], health-care professionals [4, 53, 63], bicultural experts [67], CBOs [27, 47, 48, 52, 54, 63, 65, 66], gatekeepers [67], or lay-community group members [3, 20, 39, 42, 44, 48, 51, 54, 59, 60, 61, 63, 71, 79, 82]

Let community members give feedback on protocol [3, 4, 20, 30, 39, 44, 48, 51, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 71, 72, 79, 82]

Involve community members in facilitation of meetings [42, 44, 48, 52, 59, 60, 63, 79]

Make adaptations based on gender-related cultural norms [4, 20, 30, 39, 52, 63, 65]

Gender-specific meetin [57, 63, 65]

Same-sex researchers [4, 20, 30, 63, 65]

Verbal consent [39, 40, 65, 84, 63, 67, 68]

Make adaptations based on generational-related cultural norms [39, 47, 52, 82]

Age-specific meetings [39, 52]

Create a space where mutual respect for different generations is key by establishing guidelines and agreements [47]

Discomfort when talking about sensitive issues [3, 25, 30, 63, 65, 82]

Pay attention to data-collection methods [3, 20, 44, 58, 63, 72, 75]

One-to-one interviews [3, 20, 58, 63, 72]

Ask questions in the third person [44, 75]

Make use of creative activities which stimulate informal conversations [47, 65]

Body mapping [47]

Theatre-related activities [25, 47]

Rangoli-related craft activities [65]

Create a less threatening environment [4, 30, 39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 65, 68, 71, 72, 79, 84]

See Table 3