Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
From: Approaches to co-production of research in care homes: a scoping review
Reference | Lead author and year | Country of lead author | Aim | Methodologies and study design | Guidance used | Terminology used (co-production, co-creation or co-design) | Problem or topic addressed | Care home characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[17] | Burns 2014 | (UK) | To use participatory organisational research methods to actively involve residents, their relatives and the staff to explore mistreatment of older people in care homes | Qualitative- participatory organisational research including a literature review and comparative case studies Protocol panel development groups | Conceptualisations of voice- narrative research | Co-production | Mistreatment of older people in care homes | Care homes for people aged 65 years and over |
[18] | Willis 2018 | UK | To explore how co-production as a democratising approach to action-orientated research can emerge during the research and fieldwork process, and to reflect on the efficacy and ethical challenges of this approach for advancing a social inclusion agenda in care home settings for older people | Qualitative- community-based action research, evaluation Observation as part of an audit, informal meetings, formal advisory sessions, project meetings, semi-structured interviews, reflections | None reported | Co-production | Inclusion of older lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)-identifying residents | 6 residential care homes in a large city in England providing care for older people with a range of needs, some with complex physical disabilities and dementia |
[27] | Curtis 2020 | UK | To identify factors that enable nurses to implement digital health technology in nursing homes To co-design a nurse-led stepped process supporting the effective implementation of digital health technology innovations in nursing homes | Qualitative- appreciative inquiry Interviews, workshops | The 5 Ds cycle [44] | Co-design | Inconsistent implementation of digital health technology | 5 care homes- varied in size, organisational structure and previous digital health technology use |
[28] | de Boer 2020 | Netherlands | To report on the co-creation of an alternative nursing home model | Qualitative- participatory research, case study Project meetings | Cites the co-creation process as described by Bergdahl et al. [45] and a systematic review [46] | Co-creation | Development of a new nursing home model and dementia care environment | Large care provider in the south of the Netherlands who were setting up a new care home in a rural village location Part of the Living Lab in Ageing and Long-term Care (collaboration between research, education and care organizations in the Netherlands) |
[29] | Demecs 2019 | Australia | To explore if and how creative occupation, a participatory art project, might benefit older people living in residential aged care | Qualitative- participatory research, longitudinal case study Weaving participation, workshops, interviews | Interpretative phenomenological analysis – grounded in phenomenology | Co-creation and co-design | Limited opportunities to engage in meaningful craft occupation | 1 not-for-profit residential aged care facility in Queensland. 200 rooms spread across separate buildings with a pool, birdhouse, coffee shop and hair salon |
[30] | Dewar 2017 | UK | To explore the relevance of a framework to the care home setting and the development of an educational intervention, based on the framework, to enhance development of human interaction | Qualitative- appreciative inquiry Meetings, observations, discussions, group interviews, exit interviews, photo-elicitation | Appreciative inquiry process, the Caring Conversations Framework [47] | Co-creation | Development of an educational intervention based on the framework | 1 care home in Scotland with 4 units, registered for 72 residents and employer of 100 staff |
[31] | Dugstad 2019 | Norway | To identify facilitators and barriers, and to explore co-creation practices as an innovation strategy during four years of implementation of a digital monitoring technology in long-term residential care for persons with dementia who were night wanderers | Qualitative- transformational action research, longitudinal case study Workshops, individual interviews, focus groups | Triple-helix model | Co-creation | Resistance to implementing digital monitoring technology for people with dementia who were night wanderers | 8 nursing homes with dementia care wards |
[32] | Fowler-Davis 2021 | UK | To understand the impact of the universal enhanced support offer to care homes using co- production methods, appreciative inquiry and analysis | Qualitative- appreciative inquiry, evaluation Interviews, focus groups, workshops | Appreciative inquiry and 4 D cycle (Discover, Dream, Design, Destiny) [48] | Co-design (although co-production mentioned in the aim of the study) | Support requirements of care homes due to the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic | Care homes in the North East and Yorkshire region |
[33] | Hafford-Letchfield 2020 | UK | To explore the discourse of ‘giving up’ from the perspective and understanding of care home staff To identify factors they perceived to either prevent or contribute to such situations emerging To highlight best practice responses | Qualitative- descriptive and exploratory study Workshop, focus group | None reported | Co-design (although co-production mentioned in the abstract) | Limited understanding and literature exploring the concept of ‘giving up’ among older people in care homes | 4 care homes in the South-East region of England 2 private sector (1 recently acquired nursing home status) and 2 charity sector homes All had a ‘good’ CQC rating and cared for adults over 65 years of age |
[34] | Jamin 2018 | Netherlands | To describe the challenging design process, in co-creation with the artist and all stakeholders, of the interface of VENSTER, an interactive artwork for nursing home residents, and share the used methods during and lessons learned from this design process | Qualitative Workshops, activity card sort, useability testing (Think aloud method and Wizard of Oz technique) | None reported | Co-creation | Involving residents in the design of interactive artwork | None reported |
[35] | Prentice 2021 | New Zealand | To explore and act on factors that encourage caregivers to be engaged and motivated in their work with older adults in aged residential care | Qualitative- participatory action research Advisory group meetings, interviews, feedback meeting | Lewin’s action research model- plan, act, observe, reflect [49] | Co-design | Workplace engagement of caregivers | 1 40-bed rural aged residential care facility providing rest home- and hospital-level care |
[36] | Watson 2020 | UK | To co-create curricular content on care home nursing with student nurses | Qualitative- collaborative enquiry Focus groups, interviews | A theoretical framework of co-creation through collaborative enquiry [50] | Co-creation | Embedding care home nursing in the student nursing curriculum | Not applicable |
[37] | Gine-Garriga 2019 | UK and Spain | To integrate service-learning methodology into University degrees by offering students individual service opportunities with residential care homes To co-create the best suited intervention to reduce the sedentary behaviour of residents throughout the day, with researchers, end-users, care staff, family members and policymakers | Mixed methods- participatory action research, service learning methodology Workshops, collection of activity data | None reported | Co-creation | Sedentary behaviour of care home residents | 4 care homes- 2 from Glasgow, 2 from Barcelona |
[38] | Griffiths 2021 | UK | To work with care home staff to create a learning culture to address how to promote mouth care for residents | Mixed methods- participatory research, service evaluation and development Academic partnership approach, meetings, survey | None reported | Co-production | Sub-optimal mouth care for residents | Care homes in the North of England who were part of a partnership (NICHE-Leeds) between academia and care organisations |
[39] | Manthorpe 2013 | UK | To report and reflect on a recently completed five-year programme of research on dementia care and practice in England | Mixed methods- appreciative inquiry, case study Interviews and focus groups mentioned in studies that reported inclusion of care homes | Appreciative inquiry | Co-design | Support and resources for people with dementia and their carers (End of life care and implementing the MentalCcapacity Act specifically in care homes) | Care homes covered by the Central and North West London NHS Trust and in its neighbouring areas |
[40] | Treadaway 2016 | UK | To present design research investigating the development of sensory textiles with embedded electronics to support the wellbeing of people with late stage dementia in residential care | Mixed methods- grounded practical theory methodologies Case study interviews, workshops, unstructured interviews, observations | Positive design framework | Co-design | Sensory textiles for residents with late stage dementia | 3 residential care homes owned by Gwalia (major provider of social care in Wales) with specialist dementia units |
[41] | Patel 2019 | UK | To pilot co-production, delivery and evaluation of an oral care training programme with care home staff | Mixed methods- action research In-depth interviews, group discussions, informal discussions, pre- and post- questionnaires | Social Care Institute for Excellence principles of co-production- culture, structure, practice and review [51] | Co-production | Lack of oral care training for care home staff | 3 care homes in Central London from NHS, local authority and private sectors |
[42] | Pownall 2019 | UK | To explore the knowledge needs of the workforce and develop a resource to meet this need, in order for them to be able to identify the presence of dysphagia in their residents and to understand how to manage dysphagia holistically | Mixed methods- experienced based co-design consensus methodology, usability testing methodology, agile methodology adopted for the software development Focus groups, semi-structured interviews, nominal group method, user-testing, questionnaire, digital analytics | Experienced-based co-design | Co-design (although co-production mentioned in the abstract) | Management of dysphagia | 4 nursing homes in a city in the north of England including corporate and small-to-medium-sized enterprises with residents with dysphagia, registered for nursing and/or residential care |
[43] | Luijkx 2020 | Netherlands | To describe how co-creation, in the sense of close, intensive, and equivalent collaboration between science, care practice, and education, is a key factor in the success of improving long-term care for older adults | Not reported (descriptive piece) Academic partnership approach, various designs depending on the projects | None reported | Co-creation | Person- centred care | South and South West of Netherlands and linked to an academic and care partnership |