Table 1 PPIE items and explanations in CHEERS 2022

Item 21

Approach to engagement with patients and others affected by the study: Describe any approaches to engage patients or service recipients, the general public, communities, or stakeholders (eg, clinicians or payers) in the design of the study

Explanation

PPIE, wider community engagement, and stakeholder involvement aim to enhance the relevance, acceptability, and appropriateness of research, ultimately improving its quality

Community engagement directly involves local populations in all aspects of decision making, implementation, and policy. It can strengthen local capacities, community structures, and local ownership to improve transparency, accountability, and optimal resource allocations across diverse settings. To understand the contribution PPIE or community engagement makes to research, we encourage reporting of the approach to stakeholder and PPIE when included in health economic evaluation

Acknowledging that PPIE and community engagement in health economic evaluation is still in its infancy, this item requires authors to report any approaches they use and is purposively broad. In addition to reporting the general approach to PPIE, authors may wish to report more specific details of PPIE using GRIPP2 guidance

Item 25

Effect of engagement with patients and others affected by the study: Report on any difference patient/service recipient, general public, community, or stakeholder involvement made to the approach or findings of the study

Explanation

A key area of reporting is the difference, or the impact, patient, public, community, and stakeholder involvement has made to research because this builds the evidence base for practice

When studies have involved patients, carer, payers, the public, or communities as active collaborators in the research process (as opposed to participants in a research study), we would encourage authors to report any difference this involvement made to the research. Differences may include differences in scope, methods, results, interpretation of results, or process of research. In addition to reporting the difference or impact of public or stakeholder involvement, authors may wish to report more detailed aspects of PPIE using GRIPP2 guidance [10]