Kimber J, Hickman M, Strang J, Thomas K, Hutchinson S. Rising opioid-related deaths in England and Scotland must be recognised as a public health crisis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:639–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scotland. Ro. Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2019. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/deaths/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland/2019.
Belzak L, Halverson J. The opioid crisis in Canada: a national perspective. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2018. p. 224–33.
Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden M. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Department of Health and Human Services: Centre for Disease Control (CDC); 2016. p. 1378–82.
Fischer B, Murphy Y, MacPherson D. Illicit drug use and harms, and related interventions and policy in Canada: a narrative review of select key indicators and developments since 2000. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;27:23–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hatt L. The opioid crisis in Canada In: Parlimentary information and research service LaSAD, editor. Ottawa, Canada Library of Parliament Hill Studies; 2022.
Provincial health officer declares public health emergency [press release]. April 14, 2016.
British Columbia Coroners Service. Illicit Drug Toxicity Deaths in BC: January 1, 2011—December 31, 2021. Vancouver BC Coroners Service; 2022.
Palis H, Bélair MA, Hu K, Tu A, Buxton J, Slaunwhite A. Overdose deaths and the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2021.
Lee Y, Lui L, Brietzke E, Liao Y, Lu D, Ho R, et al. Comparing mortality from covid 19 to mortality due to overdose: a micromort analysis. J Affect Disord. 2022;296:514–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kesten J, Holland A, Linton MJ, Family H, Scott J, Horwood J, et al. Living under coronavirus and injecting drugs in bristol (LUCID-B): a qualitative study of experiences of COVID-19 among people who inject drugs Int J Drug Policy. 2021; 98:103391.
BC Coroners Service. Illicit drug toxicity deaths in BC: January 1, 2011 to October, 2021. Vancouver, BC: BC Coroners Service 2021.
Buchman DZ, Leece P, Orkin A. The epidemic as stigma: the bioethics of opioids. J Law Med Ethics. 2017;45(4):607–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Tsai AC, Kiang MV, Barnett ML, Beletsky L, Keyes KM, McGinty EE, et al. Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response. PLoS Med. 2019;16(11):e1002969.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Krüsi A, Wood E, Montaner J, Kerr T. Social and structural determinants of HAART access and adherence among injection drug users. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(1):4–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lloyd C. Sinning and sinned against: the stigmatization of problem drug users. London: U.K. Drug Policy Commission; 2010.
Google Scholar
Ti L, Tzemis D, Buxton JA. Engaging people who use drugs in policy and program development: a review of the literature. Substance Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2012;7:47.
Article
Google Scholar
Lang K, Neil J, Wright J, Dell C, Berenbaum S, ElAneed A. Qualitative investigation of barriers to accessing care by people who inject drugs in Saskatoon, Canada: perspectives of service providers. Substance Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2013;8(35):1–11.
Google Scholar
Room R. Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2005;24(2):143–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman A, Fleming K, Markwick N, Morrison T, Lagimodiere L, Kerr T, et al. “They treated me like crap and I know it was because I was Native”: the healthcare experiences of aboriginal peoples living in Vancouver’s inner city. Soc Sci Med. 2017;178:87–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Woodgate R, Zurbaa M, Tennenta P, Cochrane C, Paynec M, Mignoned J. “People try and label me as someone I’m not”: the social ecology of Indigenous people living with HIV, stigma, and discrimination in Manitoba. Can Soc Sci Med. 2017;194:17–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2–3):188.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Treloar C, Rance J, Backmund M. Understanding barriers to hepatitis C virus care and stigmatization from a social perspective. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:S51–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Belle-Isle L, Benoit C, Pauly B. Addressing health inequities through social inclusion: the role of community organizations. Action Res. 2014;12(2):177–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Whitley R. Stigma and the social dynamics of exclusion. Res Pract Soc Sci. 2005;1(1):90–5.
Google Scholar
Muncan B, Walters SM, Ezell J, Ompad DC. “They look at us like junkies”: influences of drug use stigma on the healthcare engagement of people who inject drugs in New York City. Harm Reduct J. 2020;17(1):1–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Elraiyah Tea. Patient engagement in research: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(89).
Shippee ND, Domecq Garces JP, Prutsky Lopez GJ, Wang Z, Elraiyah TA, Nabhan M, et al. Patient and service user engagement in research: a systematic review and synthesized framework. Health Expect. 2013;18(5):1151–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamilton CB, Hoens AM, Backman CL, McKinnon AM, McQuitty S, English K, et al. An empirically based conceptual framework for fostering meaningful patient engagement in research. Health Expect. 2018;21(1):396–406.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Esmail L, Moore E, Rein A. Evaluating patient and stakeholder engagement in research: moving from theory to practice. J Comp Effect Res. 2015;4(2):133–45.
Article
Google Scholar
Canadian Institute of Health Research. Foundations of SPOR. Canadian Institute of Health Research; 2019.
Canadian Institute of Health Research. Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research—Patient Engagement Framework. 2016.
National Institute of Health Research. INVOLVE Supporting public involvement in the NIH, public health and social care research: National Institute of Health Research; 2018. https://www.invo.org.uk/.
About PCORI | PCORI: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); n.d. https://www.pcori.org/about/about-pcori.
Healthcare Delivery and Disparities Research | PCORI: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); 2017. https://www.pcori.org/about/about-pcori/our-programs/healthcare-delivery-and-disparities-research.
Lough S. Need to define patient engagement in research. Can Med Assoc; 2015.
Pauly B, Urbanoski K, Hartney E, Shahram S, Marcellus L, Wallace B, et al. What Is missing from “patient-oriented research?” A view from public health systems and services. Healthc Policy. 2019;15(2):10–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Neufeld SD, Chapman J, C Nea. Research 101: a process for developing local guidelines for ethical research in heavily researched communities. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16: 41.
Damon W, Callon C, Wiebe L, Small W, Kerr T, McNeil R. Community-based participatory research in a heavily researched inner city neighbourhood: perspectives of people who use drugs on their experiences as peer researchers. Soc Sci Med. 2017;176:85–92.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU). VANDU Manifesto for a Drug User Liberation Movement. Vancouver: Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU); 2010.
Jozaghi E. The role of drug users’ advocacy group in changing the dynamics of life in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver. Can J Substance Use. 2014;19(1–2):213–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Allman D, Myers T, Schellenberg J, Strike C, Cockerill R, Cavalieri W. Peer networking for the reduction of drug-related harm. Int J Drug Policy. 2006;17(5):402–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Friedman SR, de Jong W, Rossi D, Touze G, Rockwell R, Des Jarlais DC, et al. Harm reduction theory: users’ culture, micro-social indigenous harm reduction, and the self-organization and outside-organizing of users’ groups. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(2):107–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown G, Crawford S, Perry G-E, Byrne J, Dunne J, Reeders D, et al. Achieving meaningful participation of people who use drugs and their peer organizations in a strategic research partnership. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16:37.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. Nothing about us without us- Greater, meaningful involvement of people who use illegal drugs: a public health, ethical, and human rights imperative (Canadian edition). Toronto; 2005.
Jozaghi E, Greer AM, Lampkin H, Buxton JA. Activism and scientific research: 20 years of community action by the Vancouver area network of drug users. Substance Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2018;13(1):1–9.
Google Scholar
Wye SQ, Madden A, Poeder F, McGuckin S, Shying K. A framework for peer education by drug-user organisations. Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL); 2006.
Boyd S. Yet they failed to do so: Recommendations based on the experiences of NAOMI research survivors and a call for action. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10(1):1–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Souleymanov R, Kuzmanovic D, Marshall Z, Schiem A, Mikki M, Worthington C, et al. The ethics of community-based research with people who use drugs: results from a scoping review. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;17(25).
Lazarus L, Patel S, Shaw A, Leblanc S, Lalonde C, Hladio M, et al. Uptake of community-based peer administered HIV point-of-care testing: findings from the PROUD study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0166942.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Pauly B, McCall J, Browne A, Parker J, Mollison A. Toward cultural safety: nurse and patient perceptions of illicit substance use in a hospitalized setting. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2015;38(2):121–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Urbanoski K, Pauly B, Inglis D, Cameron F, Haddad T, Phillips J, et al. Defining culturally safe primary care for people who use substances: a participatory concept mapping study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Butters J, Erickson PG. Meeting the health care needs of female crack users: a Canadian example. Women Health. 2003;37(3):1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chitwood DD, Comerford M, McCoy HV. Satisfaction with access to health care among injection drug users, other drug users, and nonusers. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2002;29(2):189.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNeil R, Small W, Wood E, Kerr T. Hospitals as a ‘risk environment’: an ethno-epidemiological study of voluntary and involuntary discharge from hospital against medical advice among people who inject drugs. Soc Sci Med. 2014;105:59–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McLaughlin D, McKenna H, Leslie J, Moore K, Robinson J. Illicit drug users in Northern Ireland: perceptions and experiences of health and social care professionals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2006;2006(13):682–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Browne AJ, Varcoe C, Smye V, Reimer Kirkham S, Lynam J, Wong S. Cultural safety and the challenges of translating critically oriented knowledge in practice. Nurs Philos. 2009;10:167–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Varcoe C, Browne AJ. Culture and cultural safety: Beyond cultural inventories. In: Gregory D, Raymond-Seniuk C, Patrick L, Stephen TC, editors. Fundamentals: perspectives on the art & science of Canadian nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Gerlach AJ. A critical reflection on the concept of cultural safety. Can J Occup Ther. 2012;79(3):151–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of Community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:173–202.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim H, Sefcik J, Bradway C. Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: a systematic review. Res Nurs Health. 2017;40(1):23–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sullivan-Bolyai S, Bova C, Harper D. Developing and refining interventions in persons with health disparities: the use of qualitative description. Nurs Outlook. 2005;53(3):127–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caleres G, Strandber EL. Bondesson Aea: drugs, distrust and dialogue—a focus group study with Swedish GPs on discharge summary use in primary care. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19:127.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hsieh H, Shannon S. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–88.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merrill J, Rhodes L, Deyo R, Marlatt A, Bradley K. Mutual mistrust in the medical care of drug users. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:327–33.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pauly B. Close to the street: nursing practice with people marginalized by homelessness and substance use. In: Hwang S, Younger M, editors. Homelessness and health in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press; 2014.
Virani H, Haines-Saah RJ. Drug decriminalization: a matter of justice and equity not just health. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(1):164.
Article
Google Scholar
Boyd S, Carter C, MacPherson D. More harm than good: drug policy in Canada. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing; 2016.
Google Scholar
Ostertag S, Wright BRE, Broadhead RS, Altice FL. Trust and other characteristics associated with health care utilization by injection drug users. J Drug Iss. 2006;Fall:953–74.
Kolla G, Strike C. Medicalization under prohibition: the tactics and limits of medicalization in the spaces where people use illicit drugs. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2021;28(2):127–37.
Article
Google Scholar
van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1):23–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan Carusone S, Guta A, Robinson S, Tan DH, Cooper C, O’Leary B, et al. “Maybe if I stop the drugs, then maybe they’d care?”-hospital care experiences of people who use drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16(1):16.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chief Public Health Officer of Canada. Addressing stigma: towards a more inclusive health system. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2019.
Google Scholar
Nursing Council of New Zealand. Guidelines for cultural safety, the treaty of Waitangi and Maori health in nursing education and practice. Wellington, New Zealand: Nursing Council of New Zealand; 2005.
Ramsden I. Cultural safety/Kawa Whakaruruhau ten years on: a personal overview. Nurs Prax NZ. 2000;15(1):4–12.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Parry D, Salsberg J, Macaulay AC. A guide to researcher and knowledge-user collaboration in health research. Canadian Institutes of Health Research; 2009.
Lather P. Issues of validity in openly ideological research: Between a rock and a soft place. Interchange. 1986;17(4):63–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Greer AM, Pauly B, Scott A, Martin R, Burmeister C, Buxton J. Paying people who use illicit substances or ‘peers’ participating in community-based work: a narrative review of the literature. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2019;26(6):447–59.
Article
Google Scholar